Module 9: Second Language Acquisition

Introduction to Second Language Acquisition

Second Language Acquisition (SLA) is the process by which individuals learn and acquire proficiency in a language other than their first language, often referred to as L2. It is a complex and dynamic process influenced by various factors, including age, cognitive abilities, social context, and exposure to the target language.

Researchers in the field of linguistics and applied linguistics study SLA to understand the underlying mechanisms, effective teaching methods, and factors influencing successful language acquisition.

Lesson 1: The Dynamic Stages of Second Language Acquisition

We start by looking at how learning a second language is different from acquiring your first. We also look at all the components needed to master a new language effectively, which includes more than simply learning vocabulary and grammar rules.

Lesson 2: Critical Period Hypothesis and L2

When is the best time to learn a new language? Next, we'll explore if there's a “best age” to learn a new language. Think of it like this: is it easier to learn how to skateboard when you're young or when you're older? We'll see how this idea applies to language learning, and why even if you start later, you can still become really good at a new language.

Lesson 3: L2 Acquisition Through Cognitive Stimulation

Here, we dive into the way our brains handle new languages. Just like how playing different video games can improve different skills, using a language you're learning (through listening, reading, speaking, and writing) exercises your brain in unique ways. We'll also look at how today's digital world, with movies, games, and apps, can be a playground for learning a new language.

Lesson 4: How Attitude and Motivation Influence L2 Acquisition

Finally, we'll talk about what motivates you to learn. Is it because you love the language and the culture, or is it because it might help you get a good job one day? We'll also touch on the feelings that come with learning a language, like the excitement of being able to understand a song in another language or the nervousness of speaking it with L1 speakers.

Final Quiz

1 Name and explain an important difference between first and second language acquisition for the initial state.

2 Which is the proper order of second language acquisition?

Phonology, vocabulary, grammar, communicative Competence
Phonology, grammar, vocabulary, communicative Competence
Vocabulary, phonology, grammar, communicative Competence
Grammar, phonology, vocabulary, communicative Competence

3 What does the Critical Period Hypothesis propose in relation to language learning?

It suggests that there is no specific age limit for language acquisition.
It argues for constant language learning abilities throughout life.
It posits that language learning is easiest in early childhood and becomes more challenging with age.
It emphasizes the importance of bilingualism in adulthood.

4 How has Critical Period Hypothesis research influenced the ways in which European languages are What trend has been observed in Europe and around the world regarding language education in primary schools since the 1990s?

Teaching fewer languages in primary schools.
Teaching second languages at an earlier age.
Teaching more languages in primary schools.
Focusing exclusively on language exposure rather than formal classes.

5 What is the difference between input and output?

Input and output both support the learning of a new language.
Input describes the practice and output the theory.
Input describes the theory and output the practice.
Input and output are components of the statistics.

6 How can artificial intelligence possibly be useful when learning a new language?

7 What is the primary difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in second language (L2) learning?

Intrinsic motivation comes from the desire to get good grades, while extrinsic motivation is about an interest in a language's culture.
Intrinsic motivation is when we learn a language for personal reasons such as love for a culture, while extrinsic motivation is driven by external factors like school requirements or job prospects.
Both intrinsic and extrinsic motivations are focused on obtaining material rewards like money or prizes.
There is no real difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation in language learning.

8 Open-Ended Question

Reflecting on your personal experiences or observations in class, how do you think emotions like 'language euphoria' and 'language anxiety' influence L2 learning? Have you noticed examples of how these emotions might change a student’s approach to learning a new language?